During the 1991-1998 window, a biosocial paradigm foregrounded the joint influence of genetic propensities and social-contextual factors on behavior and health. Research patterns highlighted gene–environment correlations, cross-cultural validation of biosocial theories, and the integration of evolutionary and epidemiological perspectives. Methodologically, twin/adoption designs and quantitative genetic models became central to disentangling heritable from environmental contributions while linking personality, aggression, and immune function to social conditions.